Dispute Resolution Innovations - 1082 Words

Dispute Resolution Innovations Introduction This paper will discuss innovative alternative dispute resolutions and how they may be used in a controversial conflict scenario. The writer will discuss these methods using an actual conflict scenario, describing how individuals involved in the conflict will benefit from these innovative methods rather than costly courtroom litigation. Alternative dispute resolutions are clearly the most beneficial conflict solution regardless of gender, cultural influence, and identity. Conflict Scenario The conflict scenario discussed in this paper is that of parenting differences regarding discipline between a husband and wife. The scenario includes the controversial subject of whether a child should be†¦show more content†¦McDowell and Sussman (2004) state â€Å"In negotiation, the disputants discuss their differences and move toward a settlement acceptable to all parties. Negotiation is the least costly resolution technique because the parties themselves control the process and voluntarily reach a solution†. This method insures that the best interest of the child is of top importance and both sides are heard. Beneficial Outcomes and Cost Savings The beneficial outcomes of alternative dispute resolution strategies are quite significant. The couple has a better chance of resolving their conflicts with a professional whom understands the couples differences and work through them than a judge who does not. Litigation rarely benefits both parties and may not come to a judgment that’s in the best interest of the child. A healthy relationship between all individuals involved is usually more successful with alternative dispute resolution strategies. Another benefit to alternative dispute resolution strategies is the cost savings. If the couple were to seek litigation it would take much longer and would require expensive legal costs. According to McDowell and Sussman (2004) â€Å"ADR processes are designed to be faster, more streamlined, and more informal than litigation. Many of the costly procedures associated with formal court processes, such as filing appeals and motions can be eliminated†. Conclusion In conclusion, while thisShow MoreRelatedCold Duck Fizz Cola Company Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbacteria. †¢ Uniforms will leave the facility b) Conflict resolution- †¢ Settling of disputes will be handled promptly and informally when the parties involved respectfully want to come to an agreeable solution. The informal dispute process will be conducted fairly, in a calm setting and promptly setting. A formal dispute resolution would be considered when conflicts become too complex and requires additional resources in order to find resolution. c) In-house teams- †¢ Speak with your Code ComplianceRead MoreNew Zealand s Mandatory Mediation1269 Words   |  6 PagesZealand’s mandatory mediation scheme in Employment Law. 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Refugee Blues Free Essays

Positive Image| Negative Image| Effect| Some are living in mansions| Some are living in holes| This shows that while some people are very well off, others, like the refugees, have nowhere decent to live. | Evert spring it blossoms a new| Old passports cant do that| A tree can grow but a passport cant| Saw a poodle in a jacket fastened with a pin| But they weren’t German Jews my dear| Saying how pets get more luxuries then them| Saw fish swimming as if they were free| Only ten feet away | The fish have more freedom then them| Use of language| Example| Effect| Use of repetition| We cannot go there now, my dear, my dear cannot go there now. (â€Å"my dear† repeated in each stanza)| Emphasize how bad there situation is| Language conveying sadness or despair| Asked me politely to return next year, But where shall we go to-day my dear, where shall we go to-day? Makes us feel sympathetic to them | Language about the political situation and the behaviour of the officials| The consul banged the table and said: â€Å"if you’ve got no passport you’re officially dead†| The consul sounds cruel because he’s basically saying they are dead even though they are alive| Language about homelessness| Dreamed I saw a building with a thousand floors, a thousand floors; a thousand windows and a thousand doors; and not one of them was ours, my dear, not one of them was ours. We will write a custom essay sample on Refugee Blues or any similar topic only for you Order Now Makes it sound like they are surrounded by so much shelter but they are not allowed in any of them| Language about war| Ten thousand soldiers marched to and fro. Looking for you and me, my dear, looking for you and me| Ten thousand soldiers are looking for two people- All the soldiers are looking for the Jews| | | | | | | Refugee blues- blues music Ten million souls (religious, holy, implies we are all the same) Society is unfair on the way it treats people (some are living in mansions, some are living in holes) Atlas – there not anywhere close to there home, Palestine or Germany The natural world is in a continual state of renewal, they lost their passports and are no longer citizens They are told to wait and then come again next year – uncaring He compares the angry speeches by Hitler to he thunder in the sky The poodle and cat are treated better then the German views (they cant give the same care to their fellow human beings) Pathetic fallacy- the weather matches the mood of the poem (the snow) Refugee blues is very relevant today, the refugees in England DEJECTED – you’ve given up on life rejection and despair (dispirited, disheartened, poignant, depressing, Foreboding, mournful, despair, bitterness, resentment, anger) How to cite Refugee Blues, Papers

Chateau Margaux free essay sample

How should Chateau Margaux best market and launch their new offering – their third wine? Previously considered a left-over, the quality of the third wine in 2009 was so good and unexpected that the management team of the vineyard decided to sell as a Chateau Margaux wine. This raises the following subquestions: a. To which target consumer and market should it be addressed to? b. How can this vintage wine be positioned in relation with the Chateaux’s first and second wines? c. What should the price be? d. What are the best channel and communication approaches? What places should they sell the wine to if they bypass the negociants? 2. Analysis of the situation 2. 1. Swot Analysis Strengths Weaknesses Prestige (1855, the â€Å"Premier cru† rank, â€Å"our picture made the Wine Spectator cover in 1984†) Well established presence in the wine industry (â€Å"enthusiasts from all over the world were coming to visit, taste and compare†) The quality and quantity of the 2009 third wine Their first and second wines are very well appreciated in markets like China, Pioneers in their harvesting practices and techniques Robert Parker’s highly favorable reviews Increased engagement with media â€Å"Ambassador† strategies for better communicating the value of their brand Loss in the popularity of the image of the Bordeaux wines among â€Å"Sommeliers† (â€Å"Bored of Bordeaux†) No control on end-consumer prices and types Limited production – they cannot satisfy an eventual increase of the demand in one of their wines Lack of experience of the management team in the marketing area Selling en primeur reduces their benefits of the real market price evaluation Opportunities Threats Increasing wine consumption in several New World countries (USA, Brasil, Australia, Canada) as well as in Russia, China, Japan = potential target markets (importers) New buyer behaviors and influencers (Image seekers/ luxury consumers in China) All wine imports taxes and restrictions were abolished in Hong Kong Sommeliers’ new interest in more traditional and less snob appealing wines A number of negociants showed already interest in marketing the Chateau’s third wine The raise of the ecommerce as a distribution channel Strong competition from the New World producers (USA, Argentina, Chile, South Africa, China, Germany) Decreasing consumption in Europe (France, Italy, Germany, Denmark) Counterfeit wine in China Weather conditions – global warming 2. 2. Porter 5 forces analysis New entry barriers MEDIUM High price of land of vineyards Large capital investments in equipments High expertise requirements Requirements for processing and storage facilities Slow ROI due to years of aging needed for a wine to be ready to market High power concentration Increased availability of technologically advanced equipments/machines Accessibility to transferable know-how thanks to the Internet Difficulty in finding lands with high quality of the soil and good weather conditions Power of buyers HIGH Strong bargaining power of distributors (negociants for example influence market prices through their speculations, especially when buying en primeur) High power of retailers High consolidation between retailers and distributors Power of the suppliers LOW They produce their core row material themselves (vineyards) The other material required doesn’t have a big influence Substitutes HIGH Great competition on the wine market in terms of types of wine, producing countries, quality, and so on Great competition from substitutes such as sparkling wine, champagne, cider and so on Competition HIGH â€Å"Bordeaux† wines are numerous The competition in the wine sector is high due to the characteristics explained before 2. 3. Pestel analysis Politico-Legal The diverse appellations are strictly controlled and quoted Subsidies are allowed to producers to deal with economic issues Economic The global wine industry is estimated around $65 billion The global production is estimated around 30 billion bottles The worldwide competition is so big that producers are obliged to lower their prices The globalization opens the wine market to Asia (mainly China) Social Wine consumption is affected by the different level of social classes Technologic Technologies don’t affect so much the wine production Ecologic Strict control imposed from the food industry 3. Strategic recommendations a. Target consumer and target market Target consumer We do need more presence in traditional markets, but we should reach consumers new to the wine-loving world and introduce them to our brand† (Aurelien Valance, Commercial Director). â€Å"I would like to regain the hearts of the loyals who have been priced out. They admired our wine because of its uniqueness and excellence. But we need to think hard about how to position a third wine to them, as they grew up on our first and second wines. We cant allow a perception that this is an inferior product. † (Mentzelepolous). A midway/combination profile of the â€Å"Enthusiasts† and the â€Å"Traditionalists†: Passionate and knowledgeable Enjoy wines Like to be offered well-known brands from established wineries (the case for Chateau Margaux) Because these 2 consumer segments have significant common criteria for selecting a wine; their divergences do not represent an impediment for the promotion and distribution channel strategies. Target markets Today, a staggering 35% of their global sales come from the Chinese market, from luxury consumers. Since the â€Å"connaisseurs† represent less and less of their total sales and this new third wine can be a great opportunity for the vineyard to â€Å"regain the hearts of the loyals who have been priced out†, the Chateaux should choose to target their former biggest clients: France, US, UK and Japan. However, they should not forget about other countries, where they can reach consumers new to the wine-loving world: Canada, Australia. b. Positioning in relation to their other 2 wines To begin with, the third wine does not have the attributes of a high-end product. So far, their first 2 wines are from the luxury category, so introducing a less excusive product in their portfolio will generate a brand dilution risk. Therefore, a different positioning should be stated via the price, via the target consumer, but also via its brand name. On the one hand, they should keep the Chateau Margaux Appellation d’Origine Controlee, in order to guarantee the provenience and thus quality of the wine, but on the other hand, the brand name should be different, with the purpose of avoiding confusion and expectations. This way, the risk of diluting the brand will be significantly reduced. The brand name should, of course, keep the end link â€Å"Chateau Margaux† but shouldn’t necessary be linked to the â€Å"Pavilion† appellation. Indeed, the third wine should take advantages of the producer’s brand but it shouldn’t be link to the second wine. Depending of the perceived quality, the term â€Å"petit† should be avoided because it could be wrong interpreted by consumers who could think that the wine has a lower quality. The name of a wine can influence a lot the purchase behavior. Appellations such as â€Å"Reserve† or â€Å"Grand Cru† are often well interpreted. This is why a brand name such as â€Å"Reserve (du) Chateau Margaux† might be appropriate while the appellation spirit refers less to wine. c. Price The price communicates to the market the company’s intended value positioning of its product. Since the Chateau should consider positioning their third wine as an affordable value wine, its price should not be higher than Pauillac de Latour’s, which is currently sold at $97 per bottle. d. Channels and communication approaches Due to the emergence of ecommerce and the Internet as a direct means of communication and promotion, we can say that the negociants have become obsolete. Besides, thanks to its prestige and long presence on the market, the Chateaux has already created strong connections with many of the importers and other key global purchasers. Therefore, bypassing the negociants in marketing their third wine is a smart and more profitable strategy. Also, this way, the Chateaux can have a better control on the reached end-consumer and prices for their third wine. Since the wine is still a very qualitative one and a similar product from the Bordeaux Region (Pauillac de Latour) is sold with $97 per bottle, it should not be distributed to retailers where normally their bulk wine would end up at. They have to focus their efforts on the sommeliers, which can further place their wine in the high-end restaurants. A tasting should specially be organized for them, trying this way to regain popularity amongst them, but also reestablish the lost, but otherwise fruitful relationship. When consuming wine on the premises (in the restaurants/bars), both the â€Å"enthusiasts† and the â€Å"traditionalists† will accept the recommendation of the Sommelier to try out the new wine from Chateaux Margaux.

Macbeth Essays (332 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth If it hadn't been for the three witches, Macbeth would never have killed Duncan nor Banquo. Macbeth, also would not have been killed my Macduff. The three witches are the reason that everything happened the way the they did. In the beginning of the play, the three witches prophecized that Macbeth would become Thane of Cawdor adn the King of Scotland. In the near future Macbeth became the Thane of Cawdor because of his valiant efforts in the war. Macbeth started to think about the witches proheciesand started to become a little ambitious. With the constant nagging and mockery of Lady Macbeth, Macbeth decides to go through with the murder of Duncan. Thus, another one of the witches prophecies was fulfilled. The witches also prophecized that Banquo's sons will be kings. In the worry of Banquo finding out about the murder of Duncan and the thought of Banquo's son, Fleance, Macbeth hires a few asassins to murder Banquo and his son. Later,three ghosts appear in front of Macbeth. First, an armored head appears and warns Macbeth to beware of Macduff. Second, a bloody child appears telling Macbeth that no man born a woman should harm him. Third, a child holding a tree, tells Macbeth that he is safe until Birnham Woods comes to Dunsinane. After the three ghosts visit Macbeth, the apparition of Banquo appears. Following Banquo is seven of his descendants, all of which were deceased kings. The first of the three warinings from the ghosts comes true when macduff allies with Malcolm, one of Duncan's sons. Together they plan to retake the throne of Scotland. Macduff and Malcolm plan to use the leaves and branches of Birnham Woods as camouflage. Before Macbeth is killed, he remembers the third ghost that stated that no man born a woman should harm him. Macduff then explains that he he was razed out of his mother's stomach, which means that he was not born a woman. All three of the warnings from the ghosts came true. This is why I believe that if Macbeth had never spoken to the three witches, none of this would have happened.

Under Armour (Case 26) Essays

Under Armour (Case 26) Essays Under Armour (Case 26) Essay Under Armour (Case 26) Essay Student 9/23/13 Under Armour (Case 26) Technological Hot and sweaty t-shirts are a thing of the past. New and innovative material for making clothing has changed the game for sports apparel. Now, high-tech fibers are woven into shorts, shirts, Jackets and more that can adapt to and regulate the bodys temperature. This advancement is huge for athletes of all kinds, allowing increased performance and endurance. New water-resistant material and fibers that prevent ultraviolet and infrared rays are among the long list of technological advancements taking place in the sports apparel industry. Demographics Performance sports apparel has not always been so widespread. It started off as being primarily utilized by major sports teams, but over the recent years the market has extended to accommodate nearly all sporting activities. Not only are all of the major sports teams using some sort of performance apparel but also active lifestyle consumers and youths. Research has shown that nearly 80% of activewear is worn for non-sports activities. Another study determined that more than 85% of athletic footwear is being used for a different sport other than what they were made for. Only sports teams and sporting activities used sporting apparel until recently. Now sporting apparel extends to men, women and children of all shapes, sizes and walks of life. Economics The sports apparel industry has grown exponentially in the past few years mainly due to heavy marketing and advertising, technological advancements and a vast catalog of new items in new product categories. The ever-prolific sporting world has seen consist Political/Legal Large companies in this industry must stay up to date with the most modern clothing ine and accessories in order to be competitive. With new products and materials come legalities to maintain dominance over specific innovations. Outsourcing production and manufacturing also plays a huge role in legal policys and political conflicts. Sociocultural and Global Climate has a big effect on when, where and how often you can exercise or train. With innovative clothing lines that can repel water, prevent harmful rays from the sun and moderate body temperature, come new possibilities to train anywhere, anytime and for longer periods of time. And sports apparel is available to all who seek increased pertormance. Porters Five Forces Model†Apparel Supplier Power (High) Businesses in the performance apparel industry establish credibility with their suppliers. The suppliers use new and technologically advanced materials and create highly differentiated products; thus, giving them more power over their buyers. Barriers to Entry (High) A few very large sports apparel companies, i. e. Under Armour, Nike, Adidas, Columbia, that have been well established for many years dominate the market. Over he years, the larger companies have been able to establish themselves through brand recognition, advertising and various distribution channels. Thus, a company trying to start off in this industry would struggle initially but could profit in the long run due to fewer competitors. Competitive Rivalry (Moderate) The large companies are constantly inventing or reinventing their product lines depending on the consumer market and modern design. Due to a large degree of differentiation in performance and quality, there is less rivalry among performance apparel businesses. Threat of Substitutes (Moderate) There are a few substitutes when it comes to performance apparel. Only a few have been at the cutting edge of technological advancement and quality enhancement by which they have established themselves as being among the top leaders for quality and performance. However, there is still a major threat of substitution for cheaper alternatives if the economy were to weaken. Buyer Power (High) Customer buying power for apparel is strong due in part to the availability to switch to other products at little, if any, cost, but mostly due to the percent of revenue that he large companies sell from their individual product segments. If a company has a large percentage in a single product category, they are more vulnerable than a company that has a well-diversified combination of products. Competitive Analysis Under Armour has several large competitors; the largest being Nike, Adidas and Columbia Sportswear. These companies are similar in that they all stress product innovation, advertising and sponsorships. Adidas is broadly focused in all sporting categories but fails to stand out. Columbia is known almost solely by its winter gear, imiting its growth potential and creating strong seasonality trends. Nike strives to be the best in every segment while Under Armours goal is to be a leader in each process of its product development, concentrating on quality over quantity. An advantage for Under Armour is that it is focused more on improving its brand and unique products, licensing o ther items and accessories manufacturers. Internal Analysis through independent Under Armour is continually improving their apparel line and broadening there market. The company has been growing at a substantial rate, 30. annually over a 5-year period, largely due to the ambition of Kevin Plank, founder, and also to heavy marketing and promotions. Plank attributes the success of the company to brand recognition and the ability to market to all consumers. Under Armour makes head- to-toe apparel for anyone during any season. It has pushed its image into as many stores as it can, reaching college universities and numerous distribution channels. Suggestions to the Firm Over 80% of Under Armours revenue comes from the sale of its apparel line. While it eans that it has been very successful in this segment, there needs to be more diversity to increase competitiveness and decrease supplier power. While creating a footwear line will aid in Under Armours aim to create a full apparel product line and increase the pressure on competitors, many challenges will need to be overcome in order to penetrate this product market. Under Armour will need to reinvent and reengineer its footwear line. Alternative Strategies Expanding the product line to diversify its product portfolio may dilute Under Armours image and label thus causing consumers to deviate from premium-priced products. Alternatively, Under Armour could focus more primarily on the development of its footwear product and increase those sales. This option will be very costly and challenging due to the huge market players that already have dominance in footwear, i. e. Nike and Adidas. I suggest Under Armour pursue other product opportunities as well as the footwear to put more pressure on its competitors and to keep the focus on quality and performance rather than quantity.

Directions for Direct Address

Directions for Direct Address Directions for Direct Address Directions for Direct Address By Mark Nichol This post, dear reader, describes proper punctuation and capitalization associated with writing in which one or more people are being addressed by name or role. Confusion abounds about how or whether to set off a proper or common noun that serves as a label for one or more people from a statement directed at that audience, and when to capitalize the first letter of an otherwise lowercased word that serves that function. One of the outcomes of the trend toward less formal correspondence is the tendency of writers to omit punctuation from salutations, as in â€Å"Hi Buffy!† Technically, the greeting should read, â€Å"Hi, Buffy!† I can’t police Muffy’s every missive to Buffy, but at the risk of sounding stuffy and making Muffy huffy I’ll remind her (and everyone else) of that fact in this public forum. (However, because dear in â€Å"Dear Buffy† is a modifier, not an interjection, that phrase receives no punctuation.) Another locution that, by the ubiquity of erroneous usage, increases such errors virally is the incorrectly comma-free truncation of â€Å"May I have your attention, shoppers† and the like: â€Å"Attention shoppers.† The word shoppers is a form of direct address and must therefore be set off from the preceding interjection by a comma. A comma should, likewise, be inserted after the direct address in â€Å"Ladies and gentlemen start your engines,† which otherwise reads as if the statement means that well-bred women and men provide the service of turning the readers’ ignition keys. Whenever a sentence communicates that one or more people are being spoken to, a comma (or two) is part of the process. When the term of address precedes the statement, insert a comma after the term of address: â€Å"Sir, please follow me.† When the term of address follows the statement, insert a comma before the term of address: â€Å"Good job, everybody.† When the term of address is inserted into the statement, brace it with two commas: â€Å"Please, miss, can you tell me the time?† But note that these terms of address do not begin with uppercase letters. When are such terms capitalized? This emphasis is generally provided only when the term is a substitution for a known name: â€Å"What do you suggest, Doctor?† â€Å"Please tell us, Senator, how you came to that conclusion.† This rule applies to designations of family relationships, too: â€Å"Can I go see a movie, Mom?† (Or â€Å"I asked Mom if I could go see a movie.† But â€Å"I asked my mom if I could go see a movie,† because, in this case, you’re merely describing the person â€Å"my mom† not naming her.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?Running Amok or Running Amuck?Charles's Pen and Jesus' Name

Final Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Final Exam - Essay Example From the ‘means to expand’ side or expansionism it was argued by Jared Diamond (1997) that some of the major factors that helped Europeans dominate other nations was simply Guns, Germs and Steel. At the time of colonial expansion European technological expertise had given them a significant advantage in firepower. An example of this would be at the Battle of Rorke's Drift during the Anglo Zulu war in which A few hundred British soldiers were able to repel an attacking force of several thousand Zulu Warriors largely because the British had an advantage in firepower (Heavy caliber rifles). It could also be argued that because of prolonged fighting amongst neighboring European powers had given them a sort of ‘Veterans’ advantage, insofar as many colonial armies had actively been engaged in combat for many years and the commanding officers had several hundred years of battle texts to draw examples from. A second contributing factor according to Jared Diamond wou ld be the advantage of germs. Although it is the case that several tropical diseases exist in these continents Europeans had been living in dense, overcrowded, over-polluted populations for many generations that they had developed a better tolerance to serious diseases such as smallpox. When European colonists came into contact with indigenous populations in many places, local populations were often nearly wiped out because of the introduction of infectious disease. A final factor that gave Europeans an advantage in the colonization of new lands was an advantage in infrastructure and supply chains. Because Europeans had better supply chains they were better equipped for long standoffs with indigenous populations, by having preserved food, better access to ammunition, easier access to luxuries which in turn helps morale. It was even argued by Diamond (1997) agricultural techniques that produced more food per acre for the colonial powers (Through the use of draft animals, irrigation s ystems, and domesticated crops) allowed the nations to provide food for larger armies than the armies they hoped to defeat. With all of this in mind it could also be argued that the Europeans had desires of expansionism in order to gain an advantage over their European contemporaries or to further their own wealth. Some of the most important colonies were often established because of access to natural resources (Such as the Belgian colony in the Congo being exploited for its rubber, or the Dutch East Indies being exploited for its spices). These sorts of economic factors would play a huge role in motivating European nations to expand outward. The second main issue that this paper will address is what the legacy of imperialism in our contemporary world is?’ It could be argued that there are really only three perspectives that could be left by imperialism in the contemporary world which is that the legacy is positive, negative or somewhere in-between. From a positive perspectiv e of positive influence according to the Whittington writing for the BBC (2005) it was argued that one lasting legacy was strong infrastructure. Because European powers were looking to export significant resources

Big data Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Big data - Term Paper Example There is a huge amount of data available on the Internet. This report presents an analysis of big data. The basic purpose of this research is to present an overview of big data and how it can be used by the organizations for the betterment of their organizational tasks. This report will start with an introduction of big data. After that a general discussion will provided on big data and its associated aspects. In the start this report discusses the general concepts associated with big data however after that a detailed discussion will be provided on the impact of big data on a specific organization. In this scenario, this report will present a detail discussion on the impact of big data on healthcare sector. ... In view of the fact this era is known as the age of information and communication technology in which everything appears in digital format, and as a result everything comes under the domain of data. For instance in the medical sector, an electrocardiogram is now used in digital format which can be collected and stored as a dataset and information (attained after the processing of these data). In the same way, MRIs, CT scans and a variety of medical images are at the present digital, and these unique digital records and files are being stored and processed in the form of datasets. Hence, thousands and thousands of distinct datasets are adding up to the big data (Ackerman). Opportunities offered by the Big Data At the present, with the big data the majority of business organizations and retailers make use of data more efficiently to make planned decisions that commence with the customer and help to develop a more thorough design process. In addition, â€Å"this analytics-driven design can intensify major touch points all the way through the customer experience at the same time as improving sales beneficially† (Trank p.2). The research has shown that the organizations that use big data for their business can be familiar with their customers and the way they communicate with the business and shop online much better than many of those customers can be familiar with themselves. In fact, these datasets are not only the huge volumes of data but also they provide the organizations with excellent ways to determine and keep records of their transactions as well as other communications with suppliers, retailers, banks, utilities and service providers. In addition, at the present there have emerged a number of algorithms which can be applied on

Ellen Moore Working in Korea Essay Example for Free

Ellen Moore Working in Korea Essay Ellen Moore has been assigned to a project in South Korea. The project is a joint venture (JVI) between Western Systems Inc. (WSI), a North American company and Korean Conglomerate Inc. (KCI), a Korean company. Ellen was chosen to run the project on behalf of Andrew Kilpatrick, who is part of the System Consulting group at WSI. Andrew was to manage the project on a part time basis from North America. He chose Ellen to lead project on site as a result of her strengths in project management. Andrew also felt that Ellen’s previous success working in Bahrain showed that she would be able to handle the cultural differences. Andrew was aware of the culture difference in Korea and before he sent Ellen he was assured by American consultants that as long as Ellen was qualified for the position she would be accepted. Andrew wanted to consult the Korean consultants on this matter but was assured by the American consultants that is would be ok. In addition to Ellen, Scott Adams would also join Ellen a few months after her arrival in Korea. What Ellen experiences throughout her time in Korea does not suggest that the Korean consultants are ok with her being a woman. Why is Ellen a successful manager? The following characteristics seen in the case make Ellen a great manager/leader: * Competitive Highly Motivated – Without these she wouldn’t have gotten so far so fast. Both of these characteristics are why she graduated high school at 16. Ellen loves to learn; a great example of this is her learning the Korean language as she sits in traffic traveling home from work even though she is exhausted, by reading the signs. * Teacher – She enjoys teaching and does so whenever the opportunity presents itself. Her natural leadership qualities show when after her short period of working with the group in Jack’s absence you see members of the team sticking by Ellen when this wasn’t the case prior to Jack’s absence. They are naturally following her. * Compassionate/great mentor- Ellen is a natural leader, this is evident when she finally gets her chance to work with the group while Jack Kim is away. Upon return he finds them questioning what he wants stating that they are doing something for Ellen. * Assertive- Assertive but no so aggressive as too turn others off. * Self Confidence- Ellen always exudes confidence. One particular example of this at the dinner with Jack and other colleagues. Jack asked the translator to not translate for Ellen, the translator is fearful of losing her job if she tells Ellen why, so Ellen interrupts Jack’s speech saying the translator is having a hard time hearing him rather than sitting there letting his show continue. * Respectful but not passive – She tries to understand why her fellow workers do certain things by asking questions of them to help her understand. An example of this is when she questions the ill Korean worker who refuses to leave until his boss does even though his work is complete. She illustrates respect for his values but tries to show him there are alternatives. What would you advise Ellen to do and why? Before advising Ellen it is crucial to understand why she has experienced the conflicts she has in Korea. Koreans are more influenced by Confucian ways than any other business culture including China. So what does that mean? * It is important to make a friend first before a client, Koreans need to have this relationship built so that you’ll be trustworthy, honorable and respectable to them. They value family and similar relations a great deal. * Korean companies are vertically hierarchal; decisions are made at the top and delegated downwards. Age alone can dictate seniority regardless of skills and previous achievement. * Confucian values stresses obedience and loyalty. In return for this obedience and loyalty a manager provides the support needed by subordinates. * It is important to have relationships established before holding meetings, in fact initial time spent in meetings is generally to develop such relations. This will establish your honorableness, it is important to do some research so that you who the more senior contacts are to show them respect. It is also important to have the right levels at a meeting a more senior level person would not be expected to meet with less experienced individuals from other organizations. * Confrontation is not a good thing, Koreans work well in comfortable environments and when it isn’t this, they will flounder and become uncooperative. This stems from their family virtues they like harmony. Although Koreans like harmony they can become quite emotional, likely as a result extreme hardship they have experienced in the past. If a Korean is quiet in a meeting it is a good sign that the meeting is floundering. * Koreans do not like â€Å"no† as an answer. You must listen for subtle clues that they are not happy they will not voice their objections loudly. If you are trying to persuade them it is very important to remain calm and polite at all times. * Gift giving is important. If traveling to Korea you should have a number of small wrapped gifts to distribute. A good bottle of alcohol is a popular gift. * Dress is important as well as body language. Slouching or over exaggerated body language would cause concern on their part. Proper dress would be dark suit with ties for men and no trousers for women. * The role of women in Korean business is evolving but is still highly influenced their previous values. Women are seen as being inferior to men, they often hold low level positions and rarely succeed. A woman from another country can be accepted but it’s likely they will not receive the respect that a man would. Koreans do not react well to confrontation and it is crucial that you build a relationship of trust with them. It is clear from the case that Andrew reaching out to Mr. Song sent him to talk to Mr. Park before he’d meet with Andrew, most likely to get his stance on the issues first. Korea has a strong since of family and Mr. Song as a result will most likely take the side of Jack and Mr. Park. Given this and now the confrontation between Mr. Song and Andrew I feel there are two options available to WSI, which Ellen should suggest. One is to have Ellen move on to a new project and either Andrew or her colleague Scott Adams become the co-manager along with Jack Kim. This will require time to repair the relations between KCI and WSI but if they want to continue on in Korea than this is their best option. They likely will need to make concessions to the Korean’s and the project will be considerably extended both on a financial realm and time. The second option is to walk away from the assignment. As noted in the case, Andrew and his managers viewed this as a favor to WSI and really had no plans of developing their business in Korea. I think that the first option is the best; failure or walking away could be detrimental to business for WSI and although SCG’s group itself wasn’t planning on doing business in Korea they are a part of WSI and therefore have a stake in the JVI success. Leaving the project would not only cost them their position of the leading system implementation in Korea but their reputation which would cost them other business opportunities as well hurt future growth. Andrew and his managers will need to work with Mr. Scott and Mr.  Park to assure the relations are established this will involve a lot of schmoozing. They will have to accept a longer project line as a result. With the proper strategy and patience I believe they will be able to build a relationship with the Korean group and have a success in the end. Of course, this would not involve any women within the WSI group. For Ellen, I believe she is better off convincing them to move her to another project. Given her objectives below she really doesn’t have much to lose from leaving the project and a considerable amount more to gain by moving to a new assignment. She is an expatriate and therefore should expect to stay on any project or any job for a long period of time. What are her objectives? Are these objectives and actions consistent with what you would do if you were in her situation? Ellen objectives are: * Run a successful project and have it succeed and accomplish what they had set out too. This is not only because she feels she has an investment in the project but also will help her career the better she does the better she looks. * Try to gain experience to propel her to her next endeavor. Try to get along with Jack Kim to help the project but also because it will help her be more involved with the others on the projects so she can lead/mentor them. * Learn as much about the South Korean culture as possible and coexist within this environment. * Ellen is an expatriate so she is also trying to make her time with the company as pleasant as possible in addition to achieving the goals set out by the project. * Ultimately, Career growth Ellen’s objectives are consistent with what mine would be if I were in her position. I also believe her actions and what I have advised her to do going forward is what I would also do. That being said, I feel the issue was more a lack of preparation before going to Korea. The team from North American did not take the time to build the relationships needed so that they could be successful in meetings and lead the consultants in Korea. Although Andrew expressed the need to assure the Korean consultants were alright with Ellen being a woman this did not happen. I believe that if they were consulted they might have been more receptive of Ellen. If for no other reason than the mere consulting would of help formed a relationship, started some camaraderie between the North Americans and the Koreans. Additionally, adequate preparation would of prepared Ellen for what she would likely encounter. Had she had this knowledge maybe there were different actions she should of taken during her work there. I stress the maybe; it seems to me she handled herself quite well. Finally, I am all for women rights but businesses need to succeed and in this case maybe the mere fact that Ellen was a woman disqualified her for this particular assignment.

The Evil of Human Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Human cloning would certainly lead to social harm.   If an individual led a distraught or irresponsible life, would the clone be inclined to follow in his footsteps? Because of negative publicity, this clone's life may already be in the road to destruction prior to even becoming a clone. Would you want to be the clone of Hannibal, who devoured his victims after he murdered them?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cloning would also lessen the worth of an individual and diminish the respect for life. If humans feel they can be replaced, like that of an object, then disposing of a human life would come at no great cost to their conscious.   Resulting in perhaps a killing spree that would have no type of harsh punshment.   As it stands, it is difficult to lose one loved one, but the thought of losing several would be a disaster.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Match has launched a second opposition party called CATCH (Coalition Against The Cloning of Humans). Together both MATCH and CATCH joined forces with MCD (Movement for Christian Democracy).   All three opposition parties have a concern about the mutation of genes. This is because the technique's are extremely risky.   The main worry is the possibility that the genetic material used from the adult will continue to age so that the genes in a newborn clone could be more on the day of birth, this is what the cloning of Dolly concluded.   It took 277 attempts to clone Dolly, the clones before her were disfigured and contained severe abnormalities.      The Catholic Church, Pope John Paul II made a recent statement against cloning of all life forms. The Vatican issued statement specifically condemning the cloning of humans but has not come out officially against cloning of other animals.   If God would have wanted us to clone ourselves, he would of given us a way for a-sexual reproduction.   But because we were made to reproduce bi-sexually, this is the only way we should continue to do so.   However, in contrast to the opinions of their peers, some Jewish and Muslim religious leaders testified before the National Bioethics Advisory Commission that they feel that embryo and cloning research might provide discoveries that would lead to an appropriate way to counter infertility.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Others feel that the emotional pressures on a teenager trying to establish his or her identity is also a concern.   How will a child be able to distinguish between her mother, and her sister, will they be one in the same?

Assessing A Student

In education the main approach of an assessment is to determine what students have learned in a course or program. By determining what and how students learn teachers can oversee student progress, clarify student’s strengths and weaknesses, and keep a journal of these results to better help students. Second grade students are assessed to simply find the areas of struggles in their learning.I created and conducted an assessment on a second grader; the results were to my opinion normal. Creating an assessment based on the common core math standards for a second grader proved very informative. Many second graders are tested on the knowledge that they already know or have learned from their previous grade, I found that in doing this assessment most of the information was familiar to the student, and for the most part much of it was understood.As the assessment continued the student began to show little signs of weakness towards counting money, but he showed strengths of being able to recognize each coin and the value of those coins. Conducting assessments helps teachers to remove the guesswork out of how their students learn and allows them to begin to put together methods and strategies to be able to reach these students and help them stay on top of their learning.In creating the assessment chart I was able to identify the common core standards and compare what level the student should be on and what level that actual student is on in their learning abilities. The standards help with keeping the teacher and the student on a focused path. Being able to chart the results from the assessment gave me the idea of creating a journal for students; this will help with learning progress and minor set backs in the individual student.Setting goals in learning is most important for each student and the teacher, the journal will help both teacher and students stay on top of these goals. I learned that it is very helpful, and important for teachers to conduct review sess ions, these sessions will help struggling students build strength in their weak areas of learning. In conclusion, learning assessments are necessary for both student and teacher, and good idea must first start with a plan and I believe this is what a learning assessment will accomplish.Students need help in being guided in the right direction towards being successful in their learning career, teachers need plans to help be able to guide students in positive learning directions, I believe that the solution to both of these directional paths are conducting assessments and gathering the results of these assessments. Understanding and comprehending taught lessons are key elements to students, and the more a teacher knows about how their students learn the better prepared they can be to teach their students.

Street Children in Kathmandu

Chapter 1 Introduction1.1BackgroundThere are estimated to be around 120 million children living on the streets in the world (30 million in Africa, 30 million in Asia, and 60 million in South America). Often victims of all kinds of abuse, these children still have rights. Street children are minors who live and survive on the streets .The phenomenon of street children is multifaceted. It is therefore very difficult to single out one or more causes. Street children are the reality world-wide and in Kathmandu valley alone, the numbers of street children are estimated roughly 1200 .The vast majority of these children are illiterate boys aged between 10 and 18. They live; sleep and work under the open sky and survive without family support.They are living with friends and peers, working as beggars and rag pickers. The reason for why children end up homeless in street is Socio-economic conditions in villages, family violence, peer influence, attraction towards the city, and political insta bility etc. When the children pass through with stepmothers, family conflicts, poverty, lack of awareness and orphanages some children left home in search of better opportunities in the big cities and end up in street when they find same peer group who gave up their dreams and started living on street. For survival they beg at first and when it is insufficient then they turn into criminal and began to steal. They pull themselves to Glue sniffing to cut out hunger which is cheaper than other drugs and food.In this way they started it to play as a toy which made them criminals, thieves, divided into group, made a hierarchy between them which leads gang fight and leadership. For earning some sell labor and victim to all types of exploitation and abuse including sex. At this time some suffer from diseases or illness by their drug abuse and hunger.Those organizations who were working on street children rescue the children, the children started normal life but due to the drug abusing habi t and lack of freedom they pull themselves again on street and start living as previous life using the ‘brain killing’ substance. In this way street children end up their life by sexual disease or illness or by hunger and those who were rescued live life as a civilize citizen with a bitter remembrance of past. 75% of street boys in Kathmandu are victims of sexual abuse at the hands of foreigners, locals and their peers.The children living or working on the streets in hazardous conditions, poor health, poor opportunities, lack of supervision or adequate care and vulnerability and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and mental abuse by people in positions of authority. It is estimated that 75% of street boys suffer ongoing sexual abuse. Glue sniffing is prevalent in children as young as five to stave hunger and encouraged by peers. It is highly addictive and has frequent devastating consequences. Othe r children and young people suffer with alcohol and drug issues such as the use of injecting ‘brown sugar’. Children on the street are living in groups- small gangs following their own rules with their own way of thinking and own way of living. Marginalized by society they create their own system with their own power relations, hierarchy and values.As collector of rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t have positive experiences or a positive image of the general public. They are considered as social parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves. The vulgar language, dirty clothes and refusal of many social constraints makes the public assume them to be antisocial beings. On the other hand the children themselves feel that they have no other choice but to behave differently.Rejection from the society drives them to deny society and its rules. In spite of their young age, they are exposed to some of the worst forms of exploitation and forced to experience social exclusion day after day. We all know the fact that the street is not a safe place to live, particularly for the children. Different kinds of risks are prevalent on the street.Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstrations are very common. There are increasing number of crimes against children such as sexual abuse, commercial sexual exploitation, labor exploitation, and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise, exposure to drug use, alcoholism and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of the street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing habit and lack of freedom they pull themselves on street and again continue their life as street children.1.2 Problem StatementDue to the situation and the want of children they end up their home and started living in street for enjoyment and betterment of life but they fell on many problem. The following are the problems facing by stre et children’s in Kathmandu:1.2.1 Glue SniffingMore than 80% street children are addicted to glue sniffing, which is the current trend among street children. It is cheap among other drug and easily available. It feel Confessed that they felt relax and playful, sleepy, without pain and hunger. 1.2.2Sexual AbuseSexual abuse is hidden but a widely prevalent suffering among them. No child is safe and away from this cauldron of suffering. Approximately 99 per cent of them are physically and psychologically abused. Child sexual abuse may include fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and anal intercourse. The other ways a child can be abused with are direct physical contact, such as sex by exposures, voyeurism and child pornography, use of obscene language, also referred to as non-contact abuse.1.2.3 ExploitationChildren living or working on the streets in hazardous conditions, poor health, poor opportunities , lack o f supervision or adequate care and vulnerability and victims to all types of exploitation and abuse including ongoing sexual abuse by adults, peers and physical and mental abuse by people in positions of authority.1.2.4 Struggling with AIDSIt is well documented that street-based children share an environment and practices that make them vulnerable to HIV infection. Furthermore, two independent tests conducted by an NGO in Kathmandu identified the existence of HIV infection among this sub-population. In these tests, 25 out of 80 (31 percent) street children were HIV positive, and 16 out of 32 (50 percent) â€Å"high-risk† street children were HIV positive.1.2.5 Nepalese mentality to street childrenAs the street children are rag pickers, beggars, street vendors, tempo conductors they don’t have positive experiences or a positive image of the general public. They are what people call â€Å"Khate†, a word, which once described rag pickers only but which is now used for calling all those who work, live and sleep on the street. They are considered as social parasites, petty criminals, drug abusers and thieves.1.2.6 TraffickingMost of the street children are victim of trafficking .Many girls are trafficking into India and other countries for sex workers where as boys are trafficking for labor work.1.2.7 BeggingMost of the children beg for earning money. The money collected by begging used for food and for drug. Begging is the daily occupation of about one hundred children in Nepal. It is physically easier for these children because they are not steeped in garbage and fumes. Yet beggars suffer more from social isolation. Begging destroys any feelings of self esteem, which makes the children dangerously undervalue themselves.1.2.8 Lack of Basic needs (Food, Shelter and Clothing)Due to the lack of money and drug using habit street children suffer a lot for food, shelter and clothing.1.3 ObjectiveThe specific objectives of the study are mentioned bel ow: 1. To know the problem facing by street children of Kathmandu. 2. To know how children came to live and work on street. 3. To know about the current provision and act regarding child right. 4. To know about the Glue Sniffing by Street Children in the Kathmandu.Chapter2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.1Problem Face by street children 2.1.1 Psychological and Physical AbusePerhaps the greatest risk faced by children living on street over which they have little or no control is their vulnerability to abuse. In particular street children face daily physical and psychosocial abuse which is so normalize d that the children themselves no longer question this situation. Psychosocial abuse encompasses all abuse which affects the child mentality or emotionally .The most important determining factor for the future of  children on the street is the environment on which they spend the majority of their time. While they may visit organizations and have contact with social workers, family or other relativ es, the reality is the most of their time is spent with peer and with adults in the street environment.For children and adolescent, groups and gangs often play the most significant role in their socialization process of identity formation. At this time children are exposed to many risk behaviors which become normalized for them, while society may look at many issues related to drugs and criminality in term of legal framework this often has little relevance for street children. On the margins of society, many children’s experience of state and society is through encounter with the police. Arrested for no reason, without recognition of their inherent rights and abused by state body children are given little motivation to participate in society.2.1.2 Sexual AbusesChild sexual abuse may include fondling a child’s genitals, masturbation, oral-genital contact, digital penetration, and vaginal and intercourse. These area ways in which a child can be abused with direct physica l contact. Children can also be abused without physical contact, such as by exposure, voyeurism (getting sexual pleasure from watching naked children) and child pornography, use of obscene language; also refer to as non-contact abuse. Children living in street are found to be at higher risk of being sexually exploited. Both boys and girls are vulnerable to sexual abuse. The conflict situation of the country has made the children, more vulnerable to trafficking, sexual abuse and exploitation many case of physical and mental abuse, exploitation and torture faced by the children are not reported out of hesitation and are often oppressed due to pressure and power.However there has been a rise in publishing of case on child abuse and exploitation. It reflects to the increasing concern of public towards child right. Studies on whom commits child sexual abuse differ in their findings but the most common finding is that majority of sexual offenders are family members or are otherwise known to the child. Research shows that men commit most instances of sexual abuse, but there are cases in which women are the offenders. Long term studies shows that children who are victims of child sexual abuse are most likely to be the perpetrators of rape, sexual abuse or  to be involved in physically abusive relationship. This trend is strong especially among street children.ExampleAnil’s story, age 14 (name changed)-Anil’s family was not poor but when he was 11 years old his parents began to quarrel often and one day his mother committed suicide. Within in a year his father fell down a well and also died and so Anil became orphan. Anil’s brother worked as a bus conductor and many of his friends lived on or near the street and so he too started to live on the street. Anil began to develop difficult behavior, including substance abuse, and was arrested by the police many times. In the street he would be beaten by the public, street adults and others.Anil develop a very negative self-image and although he wanted to return home after some time he looked himself as ‘Khate’ and was scared to go home to his sister. Anil realized street life is not good for his future but he also realizes that he cannot stay for a long time at home because he has become accustomed to the freedom of street life. He is now staying in CPCS and trying to slowly improve his behavior so that one day he will be able to stay at home.2.2 State provision and act for the rights of children: According the Interim Constitution of Nepal (2063)CHILDREN’S RIGHTS Part 3 – Fundamental RightsRights of children(1) Every child shall have the right to his or her own identity and name. (2) Every child shall have the right to be nurtured, to basic health and social security. (3) Every child shall have the right not to be subjected to physical, mental or any other form of exploitation. Any such act of exploitation shall be punishable by law and any child so tr eated shall be compensated as determined by law. (4) Helpless, orphaned or mentally retarded children, children who are victims of conflict or displaced and street children at risk shall have the right to receive special privileges from the State to ensure their secure future. (5) No minor shall be employed in factories, mines or in any other hazardous work nor shall be used in army, police or in conflicts. 2.3Why children live and work on streetThe arrival of a child on the streets may represent an active decision on the part of the child, often in response to situations of serious rights violations at home. In context of Nepal rural area cover more than of urban area, so mostly the children came to the city with a dream for the betterment of life due to family conflict, peer influenced etc†¦ but due to lack of proper employment and guidance the children are compelled to make the street as shelter.Many of the underprivileged and abandoned street children come from several remo te parts of the country and they ran away from their home due to domestic violence and poverty. However there remain so many causes that bring children on the street. Some common cause are family breakdown, poverty, urbanization and overcrowding, dislocation through migration and civil war, child labor, lost of family members, exploitation by adults, emotional abuse or neglect. For earning street children are engaged in begging on the street, trash picking, pick pocketing, rag picking, working in bars, restaurants and tempo buses even some children are engaged in prostitution.How children end up homeless on the streets of Kathmandu†¢41% of children leave home due to family violence †¢27% due to peer influence †¢19% due to economic factors †¢15% due to disintegration of the family2.4 Glue Sniffing by Street ChildrenThose who might think these street kids are ignorant are wrong. They are actually inventors – innovators of a cheap substitute for intoxication, which is easily available in the market, sold in both drug stores and hardware stores. It is none other than a sticky adhesive gluten substance commonly known as dendrite solution. Most street children are now taking glue every day and quite frequently. The glue is a â€Å"shoe glue†, used by all shoe repairmen, and many garment or other product makers.In Nepal, it is usually found in â€Å"hardware† shops, but can also be found in stationeries, or even bought from local street vendors, junkyards, etc†¦ meaning that it is readily available at every corner, and at nearly any time of the day and night. Though there exists many ways to inhale the glue solvent, Nepali  street children use it mostly by dropping a certain quantity of glue inside a small plastic bag (milk bag), and by taking long deep breaths from the bag, a technique usually referred to as â€Å"bagging†.Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY3.1 Secondary data:In this method different secondary source were used. They were: Newspaper Magazines Journal Report Books Internet SourceChapter 4 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION4.1Analysis and interpretationStreet children represent a phenomenon which appeal to people’s feelings and awake their sympathy. The hardship of street life should not be underestimated; neither should it be of paramount interest in all coverage of street children. It is important not to neglect the abilities and resources street children possess.As a social work student it is becomes a prime responsibility to analyze and interpret the issue from several dimensions. Analyzing this paper Kathmandu’s street children is being exploited and abused in various ways. As we know the fact that the street is not safe place to live, many street children are compelled to survive in such palaces without proper food, cloth and shelter. Viewing the street children’s condition the following can be consider as the main problems: Living or working on the street in h azardous conditionVictim to all type of exploitation and abuse include ongoing sexual abuse Glue sniffing Low life expectancy poor health Involve in criminal activities etc†¦Objective# 1 AnalysisAlthough there are various organizations working to reduce the exploitation and abuse of street children but the rate of children and abuse seem to be uncontrolled. There are many children who have been reintegrating by various NGOS and INGOS but the numbers of street children are similar due to the newly added children and the some older who again end up in street after the rescue due to the lack of freedom they want in their foster home. While reviewing the problem of street children it was found that the problems emerge from the family and form the society as well. Children who are orphans and poor came to live on street and they are compelled to face mental and physical problems.Objective# 2 AnalysisIlliteracy and poverty are factor, especially in rural areas, which result in lack o f awareness. Families gave birth to the many children and unable to fulfill their basic needs such as food, clothing, home and education. These issues often force the children to suffer from exploitation. For these reasons they are bound to roam in the street to survive. But the society has given them a nick name and discrimination against them. For living, most of the children collect rags such as garbage, plastics, bottles, metals and paper found in garbage of residential area, around market and along river banks and in dumping sides.They sell their rags to local junkyard to make their day to day living. Some beg to survive while other has no set work taking occasional jobs as porter or dish washer or dawn into criminal activities such as shoplifting and pick-pocketing. We analyze street children are the integral part of the urban problem, which is directly linked with the growing issues of migration and poverty. As we have observed last 10 years, the problem of street children ha s increased with grown of urbanization. Therefore, if this problem is to properly overcome, no urban development or child development program should forget to cover these children. As we analyze the livelihood of street children they are compelled to live in hazardous place with physical and mental exploitation.Objective# 3 AnalysisThere is various state provision and laws to ensure street children but the problems and street children are same due to the lack of implementation of such provision by government. Due to the lack of negligence toward street children by government our societies also exploits the children mentally and physically. The following are the problems faced by children due to the worthless policy of street children:Discrimination Exploitation Abuse Child laborThe problem of child abuse in Nepal is made worse by a gap in Nepalese legislation which does not recognize sexual abuse of boys. The problem, legally, simply does not exist. The children have slipped through a fractured safety net in Nepalese society that’s a living tragedy and a dramatic future problem that many choose to ignore.Objective# 4 AnalysisAlmost all street children were addicted to glue sniffing because of hunger and the influence of friends. About 95 percent of street children were using glue, and it would not take much to introduce the habit to the remaining 5 percent, it said. Glue sniffing is the most dangerous addiction suffering by street children. Mostly the children were addicted, because the sniffing of glue made them confident to commit criminal activities and to avoid hunger. Most of the children beg money to purchase the glue.Chapter 5 SOCIAL WORK INTERVENTION5.1 Area of social work intervention:Whenever there emerges a social problem in a society, the professional social workers and social work students should take their initiatives to tackle that crisis. In case of ensuring street children with their right social worker should take the various intervent ion techniques to uplift the status of street children.1. Support a protective environment in the street and children workplace 2. Establishing a referral system with local  organizations which provide different services like legal aid, health care, drugs rehabilitation, and awareness campaign. 3. Pressurizing government for the effective monitoring regarding the wrong practice still prevailed in Nepalese society. 4. Helping government to create sound public policies, a holistic approach and long-term commitment. 5. Improving co-ordination amongst donors and support for street children organizing at the national and global level. 6. Children experience barriers in almost every aspect of work. Employment opportunities Need to be improved. At the same time children perform the bulk of unpaid care work. This is an area for greater attention. 7. Advocating on behalf of children’s for ensuring and safeguarding their right. 8. Advocacy efforts should be strengthened by coordinati on and collaboration between civil society organizations. 9. Develop children as the main actors in realizing the rights of street involved children through their active participation and building their resilience and capacity to protect themselves Chapter 6 Conclusion6.1 ConclusionLook into a child’s eyes and you are sure to see a sweet innocence that makes us all smile and want to cherish. It’s a universal feeling we all share no matter our race, creed or religion. But it is difficult when you look into a child’s eyes and see pain, loss, suffering, hate and something dark. Something so woeful in their eyes that make us looks away out of fear along with guilt for not questioning why they are like that. The majority of street children share background of family poverty, lack of education opportunities, and broken families. Without family love and guidance, street children face a very hard life in streets. They are vulnerable to all kind of abuse, exploitation an d exposure to criminal activities that are the hazards of the urban street life.There are many activities established to promote child’s right and prevent child exploitation but they have not been fully successful in increasing awareness and improving the situation of children. The life of all street children’s is passing from same problems though various NGOS and INGOS are still working for it. The street is not safe for the children to live. Different kinds of risk are prevalent on  the street. Traffic accidents, violence, crime, gang fights and demonstration are very common. There are increasing number of crime such as sexual abuse, labor exploitation and use of children for criminal activities. Likewise exposure for drug use, alcoholism, and unsafe sexual activities has put their survival at risk. Many of street children were rescued by various organizations but due to drug abusing and lack of freedom they want they again pull themselves on street and again conti nue their life as street children.Chapter 7 RecommendationsNational child protection and child welfare systems that are sensitive to the rights of street children to care and protection are needed, and should be adequately funded to operate effectively. All actors within these systems (police, judiciary, health staff and social workers) need to be trained on the rights of street involved children and how to treat them in non-violent ways. Civil society organizations need to support community responses to child protection and children’s participation, and facilitate their linkage with national child protection systems. Government and civil society organizations should collaborate on the establishment of standards and good practices for government and non-government agencies that work with street involved children. Programmers need to be based on a clear understanding, gained from participatory research, of the experiences of different subgroups of street-involved children, the environments in which they live and the people with whom they interact.

Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Essays

Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Essays Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Paper Legalization of Abortion in Ecuador Paper Abortion refers to the termination of pregnancy by natural or deliberate causes.  This termination of pregnancy constitutes an important choice to a woman that  has been raped and is pregnant: it does not only look after her life but also  guarantees a healthy recovery. For instance, the United Kingdom maintains its  laws of a legal abortion until the 24 weeks of pregnancy as long two registered  and official doctors agree based on the terms of the British 1967 Abortion Act. Following that example of that first-world country, a woman must have the  right to practice abortion when the continuance of the pregnancy would  involve risk to the life of the pregnant woman, or of injury to the physical  or mental health of the pregnant woman or any existing children of her  family, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated. Said this in other  terms, women must have the right to make abortions when raped. The first reason for this is that most laws or opinions against  legalizing abortion in Ecuador literally kills women. No matter how many  laws might be passed against abortion, they will not stop raped women from  making them in secret, without medical care and in truly dangerous  circumstances. According to statistics, of the 46 million abortions  occurring worldwide each year, 26 million take place in countries where  abortion is prohibited by law (Rosenbaum, 2012).

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) Research Paper

Tajikistan civil war (1992-1997) - Research Paper Example Ethnic groups: Tajik 80%, Uzbek 15%, Russian and others 5%.Religion (2010 Embassy est.): Sunni Muslim 95%, Shi'a Muslim 3%, other 2%. Language: Tajik (the official state language as of 1994, with follow-up legislation in 2009); Russian is widely used in government and business; 74% of the population lives in rural communities where mostly Tajik is spoken. Education: Literacy (according to the Tajikistan Living Standards Survey for 2007)--97.4%. The Tajik education system has been struggling through a period of decline since independence, however, and some evidence suggests functional literacy is much lower. Health (2010 est.): Life expectancy--62.29 years men; 68.52 years women. Infant mortality rate--41.03 deaths/1,000 live births. Work force (2010): The official work force is 2.1 million. The actual number of working age citizens is closer to 4 million. As many as half of all working age males, and an increasing number of females, seek jobs outside of the country, primarily in Russ ia. The Republic of Tajikistan gained its independence during the breakup of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) on September 9, 1991 and soon fell into a civil war. From 1992 to 1997 internal fighting ensued between old-guard regionally based ruling elites and disenfranchised regions, democratic liberal reformists, and Islamists loosely organized in a United Tajik Opposition (UTO). Other combatants and armed bands that flourished in this civil chaos simply reflected the breakdown of central authority rather than loyalty to a political faction. The height of hostilities occurred between 1992 and 1993. By 1997, the predominantly Kulyabi-led Tajik Government and the UTO had negotiated a power-sharing peace accord and implemented it by 2000. Once guaranteed 30% of government positions, former oppositionists have almost entirely been removed from government as President Rahmon has consolidated power. The last Russian border guards protecting Tajikistan's 1,344 km border w ith Afghanistan completed their withdrawal in July 2005. Russia maintains its military presence in Tajikistan with the basing of the Russian 201st Motorized Rifle Division that never left Tajikistan when it became independent. Most of these Russian-led forces, however, are local Tajik noncommissioned officers and soldiers. Tajikistan's most recent parliamentary elections in 2010 and its 2006 presidential election were considered to be flawed and unfair but peaceful. The parliamentary elections, in which the ruling party secured 55 of the 63 seats, failed to meet many key Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) standards on democratic elections, and some observers saw them as even worse than the flawed 2005 elections. In June 2003, Tajikistan held a flawed referendum to enact a package of constitutional changes, including a provision to allow President Rahmon the possibility of re-election to up to two additional 7-year terms after his term expired in 2006.† Civil War Brief Summary of The Conflict After the civil war in 1992, sporadic fighting continued in remote areas. The road to peace in Tajikistan has been long and tedious. (Tajikistan Civil War), â€Å"The process of national reconciliation in this impoverished Central Asian country was set in motion by a June 1997 UN-mediated settlement between Tajikistan's Moscow-backed government and the

Global enterprise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global enterprise - Essay Example The best way out was supposed to be the buying of the Asian car manufacturer, among which Mitsubishi and Nissan were considered. But as financial indices of Nissan didn't make Daimler company optimistic about it, the decision of buying 34% of Mitsubishi Company has been taken. The problems and risks of Daimler Chrysler after having bought 34% stake of Mitsubishi laid in the necessity to lock together the separate pieces of this consortium. There should have been solved the problem of cost savings and technology cross pollination between Chrysler and Mitsubishi. The benefits of the joint venture for both companies lied in sharing engines, transmissions, and other major components, which will finally reduce the costs of both participants, as well as will lead to the sharing of entire platforms which are the most expensive parts in car manufacturing. The main risks for Daimler were first of all, cultural difficulties in making the two companies work together. As one of the Daimler's managers has noted, 'when it is an Asian company and a European-American company, it is even tougher'. Another risks lied in the fact, that any investments (and buying Mitsubishi was the direct investing of Daimler) carry certain risks. Mitsubishi was the only car manufacturer in Japan, working with financial losses and getting no benefits. Thus for Mitsubishi it was a huge chance to restore its position on the market and enter other foreign markets. At the same time, Daimler Chrysler, with Mercedes-Benz being the best-selling foreign car in Japan, took only 0.8% share of Japanese market and needed to find an effective solution for expanding its activity to West Asia. In addition, in six months after the historical merge had been accomplished, Mitsubishi admitted, that it illegally concealed the customer's complaints in relation to vehicle defects on systematic basis. 3.Explain how the acquisition of 34 % and then 37 % stake of Mitsubishi cou1d help DaimlerChrysler to meet the fuel pact The purchase of 34% (and later 37%) of Mitsubishi stake by Daimler Chrysler led to the possibility for Daimler to meet the fuel pact. According to the Kyoto protocol of 1997, the main car manufacturing companies had to turn to the fuel cell production, and all Japanese companies have already had their own prototypes of ecological engines, among which Mitsubishi held strong position. Thus Daimler was able to turn to the ecologically-effective production with minimum costs. 4.Analyse, in the context of DaimlerChrysler global strategy, the following options for DaimlerChrysler regarding the objectives followed with Mitsubishi with their advantages and disadvantages: 4.1 export from the US and Germany; 4.2 licensing; 4.3 joint-venture; 4.4 wholly-owned subsidiary. From the viewpoint of the global strategies of both companies, it should be said that of course, it was becoming easier for Mitsubishi to export car details from the US and Europe, but at the same time, this was another possibility for Daimler to strengthen its positions in selling car platforms in Asia. The

IT Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Management - Essay Example So, rather than the website author being the center of knowledge, and disseminating the knowledge on the website, in Web 2.0, the users constantly add to the website, changing it and making it new. Facebook is often given as an example of Web 2.0 computing. It is a site that many people use, and add to, but no one owns or controls the information on. Web 2.0 computing is relevant because it represents a rebirth of computing and internet use, after the initial dot com bubble. Most people today are part of some sort of social networking site, and this is Web 2.0. The concept is relevant because it affects IT change and standardization. The implications of Web 2.0 for governments and organizations are multiple. First of all, there is the idea of connectivity that Web 2.0 creates; there is also the elimination of a top-down command structure. These are liberating settings in which the user becomes the controller. It can be used to show how people in a community can become a part of a larger community, through Web 2.0 government. â€Å"Whats more, two of our initial Web 1.0 exemplars, DoubleClick and Akamai, were both pioneers in treating the web as a platform. People dont often think of it as "web services", but in fact, ad serving was the first widely deployed web service, and the first widely deployed "mashup" (to use another term that has gained currency of late)† (Web, 2008). Web 2.0 is important to understanding changing IT trends, and is something of which governments should take advantage. The government can enable Web 2.0 sharing among employees. â€Å"Apparently, web-enabled collaborative tools that can improve productivity are of great interest among an increasingly mobile workforce. With that in mind, enterprises are likely to further invest in collaborative tools like unified communications in the next few years† (Poon, 2009). Some worry about the lack of privacy with

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence Research Paper

Violent Video Games Contribute to Violence - Research Paper Example This is especially in the schools where some after falling out with their peers have resulted to shootings. Conversely, studies have contended contrary to violence emanating from the violent videos mainly among the children. They contend that, aggression especially among teenage usually emanates from the environment, which nurtures them to maturity or due to mental disorder of an individual. Hence, reshaping one’s character where one becomes violent due to the belief that this is the only way others can understand own situation. Studies have proved that violent gamers normally depict characteristics of antagonism chiefly in their behavior (Craig & Karen 778). This usually extends even long after the turning off the game where the players’ inner emotions become numbed and merciless contrary to those who have not watched. Since, the current, sophisticated media allows the players actively interact with the scenes where with other peers they can compete to prove possessed remarkable expertise to outdo the other. This brews aggression among the players and especially if they are teens, where their control immensely relies on emotions and not intellect because of their immaturity (Craig & Karen 779). Consequently, they turn hostile especially when they are in the midst of other students and when irritated result to killing; similarly the way they see and do while playing during their video sessions. Psychology claims that youngsters develop â€Å"Behavioral scripts† where life’s experiences usually record themselves. According Michael Rich, children use this to respond to the external environment, and especially when it seems hostile, they counteract it with the same measure or extra (Craig & Karen 780). Alternatively, they act to outdo or outwit the predicament that is depriving them the comfort they are experiencing via either inflicting pain, which is the environment comprising of their peers. Consequently, they result to hurting them and regretting afterwards of their actions when they sober up. The motivator of all these is what they attain from the violent video games (Craig, Katherine & Gentile 3). Since, most normally place the player on the side of the aggressor. It makes the player start having the feelings of hostility, and one expects the same from those he engages who are ready to fight and resist, but one’s peers are contrary. Primarily, the game offers rewards to the aggressor due to achievements made in pursuance of their opponent while in their mission. Owing to constant urge in playing these games, they normally offer the player to rehearse the entire process involving provocation to the absolute resolution of the conflict, which is death (Ferguson & Rueda 102). Additionally, since these games are addictive, they augment the learners’ skills and embed aggression in their character as they continue maturing. Hence, become part of them, which it may be hard to amend their behavior once they are adults. According to studies, youths’ exposure to video games has resulted to numbing their feelings against horror or both the human and property destruction. Youths emulate numerous sadistic actions evident in these videos and assume that, the only and effective way to deal with life predicaments is via violence (Ferguson & Rueda 105). In this way, youths may not be aware until other people notice and with proper

Plants in Production of Recombinant Antibodies

Plants in Production of Recombinant Antibodies Shirin Bagherihanaei A discussion of the techniques, advantages and disadvantages of the use of plants in production of recombinant antibodies for research and therapeutic use with named examples. Introduction   Ã‚   Application of plant for medical proposes goes back to thousand years ago. Our ancestors use plants and extract its beneficial substance to cure different illnesses and relief pain. This idea is continued with us and today we can manipulate the genetic information of plants to make them suitable for the production of recombinant protein and biopharmaceutical medicinal purposes [1]. Since the first generation of recombinant protein from tobacco cell culture, a variety of pharmaceutical products have been introduced such as vaccines, hormones, antibody, growth factors, and cytokines [1,4,9]. However, AB is the most common recombinant protein which is generated by plants and it has been called plantibody. Nowadays the development and the use of transgenic plants for production of recombinant ABs is an attractive subject among scientists because plants are easy to work with and also the cost of the production is considerably low. It is also beneficial because of the large-scale productio n [1]. Production of high quality recombinant protein for research and therapeutic purposes from mammalian are quite expensive, therefore the idea of producing recombinant protein in transgenic animals and plants has formed recently [1]. In this essay, I try to summarise and highlight some of the most cutting-edge techniques in the use of transgenic plants for production of recombinant protein and antibody. I also discuss their advantages and disadvantages with the utilization of plants to produce antibody. Plantibody Plantibody made up of two words: plant and antibody. It means plantibody is an AB that is generated from plants. Antibody is a glycoprotein which mainly made by plasma cells and used by the immune system to neutralize any kind of foreign molecules inside the body such as bacteria and virus. Plantibody has this property to recognize and bind to its specific antigen. It can be generated from tobacco, rice cells culture, Lemna minor (duckweed), Arabidopsis thaliana seeds, Medicago Sativa (alfalfa), lettuce and maize [2] but tobacco is the most common source due to its high leaf biomass yield [3]. According to a report, recombinant protein level in tobacco stem is the same as this level in its leaf. That means to produce recombinant therapeutic protein, the whole plant biomass can be used [3]. Another advantage of tobacco is that it is not edible and this aspect of tobacco reduce biosafety concern but it contains toxic alkaloid and the plant should be purified from the toxic chemicals [3]. As tobacco is not an edible source, regulatory issue for production of recombinant protein is less controversial than food crops such as rice, soy bean and corn. Chinese cabbage has the highest amount of soluble protein among plants. Production Techniques Production of the recombinant protein includes utilizing the whole plant or plant cell culture in vitro [9]. The disadvantages of using the whole plant for production of recombinant AB are: time-consuming generation of transgenic plants, the risk of contamination with fertiliser, unstable quality and yield of the products, applying good manufacturing practice (GMP) to the whole-plant production pipeline [9]. Plant cell suspension culture has the benefits of both mammalian cell culture and whole plants. Undifferentiated plant calli can be developed under a proper condition in the liquid media environment and produce cell suspension culture. Plant cell culture can generate proteins which are more similar to human generated proteins. They can also grow rapidly in a simple media same as bacteria. Plants are eukaryote so they have fairly similar post-transitional modifications such as glycosylation that happen in human cells [9]. Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that glycan adds to o rganic molecules such as lipids and proteins. Correct pattern of protein folding is also essential for recombinant protein to function [1]. It is interesting to note that plant suspension cell culture lack fully functional plasmodesmata, therefore, systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) may be reduced because PTGS is transmitted through plasmodesmata and the vascular system [9]. Generally, three different methods are applied in the production of recombinant AB in plants: Agroinfiltration with recombinant agrobacteria, particle bombardment technology and Infection with modified viral vector [8,14]. The general technique for the production of genetically modified plants is agrobacterium-mediated transformation [2]. Agrobacterium Tumefaciens is a gram negative bacteria which is the cause of crown gall disease in plants [14]. These bacteria live in soil and attract to the plants with wounded parts. However, scientists use this bacteria as a tool for research and therapeutic purposes by introducing the gene with desired properties into the plant cells in plant genetic engineering. The gene of interest can be inserted into Ti plasmid (tumor inducing) then injected into the plants as a host. Plant cell divide out of control and the gene of interest proliferate as well [14]. There is a selectable marker on the T-DNA which is transferred into the host cells therefore it is possible to control if the gene is transferred successfully or not [2]. There are two transformation strategies for generation of recombinant antibody, Stable and transient expression. Stable expression is the stably insertion of cDNA encoding both heavy and light chains of AB into the genome of plants. The gene can be introduced into the chloroplast genome to produce chloroplast transgenic plants which can generate AB with correct folding and disulfide bonds. Some example of the transient expression is agroinfiltration and recombinant plant viruses for the production of antibody [3]. Agroinfiltration system has been used to produce multi-antennary N-glycan that mostly seen in mammalian derived glycoproteins [3]. Transient expressionmethod is fast and convenient for the production of recombinant antibody without generation of transgenic plant. The generation of transient expression is the precondition to stable transformation because it can test expression vectors and protein stability and also it is able to recognize any problem that may have happened [ 8]. Transient expression is better for low scale yield protein production yet transgenic plant are better approach for high yield production and also gives a better expression levels [7]. An important point to note is if the expression is targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), this results in higher yield [7]. Another approach for the insertion the gene of interest into the plant tissue is particle bombardment technology. The main idea of this technique is some microscopic golden bullet or tungsten bullet covered by the gene of interest. These particles are fired into the plant leaf. This technique used for all type of plants. The golden bullet preferably used because the tungsten bullets have the risk of toxicity for the plants. Then the bullet is placed at the end of plastic bullets and shoot with blasts of air or helium. There is a plastic mesh work shop on the way of the bullets which guide the bullet to move forward. An alternative technique used for this approach which can accelerate the beads with strong electrical discharge which results in a controlled penetration of beads into the plant tissue. After penetration of the DNA dissolved into the cytoplasm of the leaf, the gene of interest can recombine with the chromosome of a plant. Finally, the leaf is transferred to media and let it grow and regenerated using tissue culture [8,11]. This technique does not use a lot due to its high cost and also as this method is physical so the insertion of the gene which is performed by gene gun may cause damage to plant without transferring the genetic material inside the plant and dose not give the precise or desirable results [14]. Production of ab transgenic plants can be generated by viral vectors. However low infectivity with this vectors needs to be considered as an obstacle [2]. One of the disadvantages of viral plant system is the injection of vector to leaf or stem every time which can result in gene mutation during replication of the virus. But we dont face this problem in transgenic stable expression. Therefore, it is extremely important to choose the proper protocol for gene ex pression [3]. Advantages and Disadvantages Plants paly an important role as a bioreactor for production of recombinant protein. Basically, the common systems use for the production of recombinant proteins is the manipulation of mammalian cells, bacterial systems, yeast and etc. However, recently due to some negative aspects of these systems many scientists prefer to work and study plant sources which have those benefits that they are looking for. There are several important benefits with the production of recombinant AB from plants. Firstly, is the large scale of production from cheap raw materials and the reduction of costs in comparison with other techniques of recombinant AB production such as yeast, mammalian and etc. [3,5]. Another advantage of using plants for production of AB is the flexibility of working with plants as it can be used both in vivo and in vitro [3]. In addition, introducing new transgenic plants is possible by sexual crosses and they are quite easy to work with. There is a very low risk of contamination by mammalian viruses when AB is generated from plants [5]. Another advantage is correct folding and assembly of produced AB for both single stranded peptides and multimeric protein with full size. Recombinant protein which generated from edible sources does not require purification. In terms of storage the enzymes which are produced by plants can be formulated to the seeds, so under the suitable condition they can be stored for long period of time and it is also possible to transport them to different locations easily. Plantibody have both avidity and affinity towards its specific antigen and its characteristics maintain the same after purification [1]. Although plants have lots of benefits but it is not 100% perfect source for production of antibody [3]. The most important disadvantage is the fact that Plant N-glycosylation is different from human and mammalian glycosylation. Another negative point is that plants has shown discrete yields due to low gene expression level [7]. There is also the problem with causing allergic and immunogenic reactions in humans, which is because of the difference in glycosylation pattern in humans and plant [7]. Moreover, there are some concerns regarding the activity of proteolytic degradation, which might influence fully assembled IgG that is secreted in the culture media [9]. Production of mycotoxin by impurities, limitation which caused by the environmental condition, and the possibilities of herbicides presence in the product are some other negative aspect of transgenic plants [1]. The controversy about plantibody generation is the presence of gene segments or marker segments in the produced drug and its effect on human body and the probability of allergic reaction to plant glycoprotein [1]. Although there are some disadvantages with the use of transgenic animals such as the risk of contamination of protein with animal viruses and also it takes a long time to produce recombinant protein from transgenic animals but, many biotechnologists prefer to produce AB from mammalian cell lines because the final ABs have a correct glycosylation pattern and protein folding [1]. Plant Antibody Application The extracted AB from plants can be used for many different purposes such as vaccine production, clinical diagnosis protein, pharmaceutical and industrial proteins, biopolymer, biodiesel, food industry, tools for research, and diagnosis tool for chromatography and other immunoassays [1]. The application of AB in research is extremely wide, because of their transferability with the metabolic process in organism [1]. Protein pharmaceutical products are one of the most expensive and important products that human has managed to synthesis them in ways other than natural methods. In recent years, mAB has had an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer-related research [3,12]. Each mAB influence cancer cells in 3 ways: it can signal to the immune system to kill cancerous cells, it can prevent the division of cancer cells or deliver drug to these cells [3]. mAB can attack tumour cells by complement system in cytotoxic reactions through complement system. They bound to the tumor cells which prevent tumor growth and finally result in apoptosis [3]. The ability of AB to prevent the pathogens and tumor cells is due to the affinity of the variable binding sites. This affinity of AB could have enhanced by modifying glycon structure and glycosylation patterns [3]. As we see mAB have many positive aspects for prevention of cancer but their application is not common which is duo to the risk of contamination with human pathogens, high cost and proliferation inability. However, these problems have been eliminated by the production of mAB from other bio-organism like bacteria, yeasts, insects, and plants [3]. The monoclonal AB expressed in plants by tobacco mosaic viru s vectors [3]. Nimotozomab is a humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor recombinant AB which is produced in animal cell culture. This AB is used for treatment of different carcinoma cells. It seems that a mutation in the N297 position in the IgG1 FC region of this AB and apply it in a transgenic plant which result in producing a form of nomotozomab that is similar to mammalian-cell-produced AB. It also has the property to block the EGFR interaction and have antitumor effects [5,7]. Nicotiana tabacum were transformed by A.tumefaction-mediated gene transfer method. In order to infect the plant cells, recombinant pDEGF-R Agbacterium bearing the binary vector was applied [5,7]. According to experiments the mAB which was generated in plants was as effective as the one which was generated in mammalian (nude mice). In another experiment marine, mAB could prevent Brest cancer cell growth and mAB was generated from transgenic tobacco plant which had the same function as the murine mAB. Therefore, pl ants such as tobacco can produce two different mAB which can target two different types of cancer cells [3]. The most frequently chosen host cell lines used for recombinant protein expression are Tobacco BY-2 (Bright yellow-2) and NT-1 (Nicotiana tabacum-1) cells [9]. Generally, IgA, IgG and IgM are generated from plants. IgA and IgM have the potential for commercial production. They attach antigens in the first line defence at gastrointestinal mucosal surface, tears, saliva and milk [14]. IgG and IgA have been introduced in Nicotiana, Arabidopsis. Plantibody have a high level of safety which rise the interest for production of mAB from plant Examples include the Guys 13 IgG1 (Fischer et al., 1999b; Sharp and Doran, 2001a, 2001b), a human mAB against hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) (Yano et al., 2004), a human anti-rabies virus mAB (Girard et al., 2006), and most recently a human anti-HIV mAB (Holland et al., 2010) all of which have been reported to be expressed in tobacco cell suspension cultures [9]. Lots of effort have been done for production of these ABs in large scale but none of them sell in the market due to the high cost. Nonetheless, two plantibody is used in clinical CAROX which was expressed in transgenic tobacco that takes part in the prevention of tooth decay and the second one have an effect against non-Hodgkin-lymphoma(NHL) [2]. The following table demonstrates some IgA plantibodies which are generated in recent research. Plantibody Source Target Plantibody Characteristic sIgA/G Transgenic Tobacco Plant S. Mutans Prevention of tooth decay Human IgA Maize Herpes Simplex Virus and saga 1 antigen Herpes disease and sperm agglutination Coccidia specific chicken IgA Nocotiana Benthamiana Eimeria Acervulina Against the coccidiosis Virus-specific IgA Tomato and Nocotiana Benthamiana Rota Virus Development for passive immunisation against Diarrhoeal disease Chimeric Enterotoxigenic Bacteria-Specific IgA (VHH-IgA) Arabidopsis Thaliana seeds Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli (ETEC) Passive Mucosal Immunisation Against Enteric Infections Chimeric Toxic-Specific IgA (Hybrid IgG/IgA) A. Thaliana Shiga Toxin From ETEC Against Haemorrhagic colitis and Hemolytic-uremic Syndrome Monomeric IgA1 K! Variants (Infliximab, Adalimumab, Ustekinumab) N. Benthamiana Against Autoimmune disease 2G12 sIgA N. Benthamiana Human Immunodeficiency Virus Anti-HIV Human This table shows IgA plantibodies, their sources, targets and characteristics. Conclusion and future perspectives Although there are problems with the generation of plantibody from mammalian cells, but they are the most common source for production of mABs. This is due to the correct folding and similar glycosylation patterns to human, complex type N-glycosyl, moieties and the presence of polypeptides with disulfide bonds. Using recombinant antibody fragment in research therapeutic purposes, biotechnology and pharmaceutical science is increasing because of the intrinsic properties of the components such as the ability to penetrate better and detect antigen with higher affinity, small size and easy production compared to AB full size [6,13]. More powerful tissue or inducible promoters, enhancement of transcript stability, translational improvement with cutting edge sequences or strategies and transgenic chloroplast system are some ways which are studied in order to raise the AB expression level in plants in the future [8]. Drug production seems to be one of the promising field in terms of commerc ial development in biotechnology [1]. In total, we can see a promising future for the production of drugs, vaccine, recombinant protein and biopharmaceuticals from plants. However, several bottlenecks including regulatory guidelines, ethical issues and public approval must be taken into account and solved [1]. References: Hashemzadeh, H. and Zebarjadi, A. (2014). Application of transgenic plants as factories for producing biopharmaceutical. [online] www.researchgate.net. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268514150_Application_of_transgenic_plants_as_factories_for_producing_biopharmaceutical?enrichId=rgreq-4465fb2b3b0479dec4752b8195daab6c-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2ODUxNDE1MDtBUzoxNjU2NDA4MDM0NjMxNjhAMTQxNjUwMzI1MzMxOA%3D%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPdf [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Frenzel, A., Hust, M. and Schirrmann, T. (2013). Expression of Recombinant Antibodies. [online] journal.frontiersin.org. Available at: http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2013.00217/full [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Moussavou, G., Ko, K., Lee, J. and Choo, Y. (2015). Production of Monoclonal Antibodies in Plants for Cancer Immunotherapy. [online] Hindawi.com. Available at: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2015/306164/ [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Valdà ©s, R., Padilla, S., Gà ³mez, L. and Borroto, C. (2003). Large-scale purification of an antibody directed against hepatitis B surface antigen from transgenic tobacco plants. [online] www.researchgate.net. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10635451_Large-scale_purification_of_an_antibody_directed_against_hepatitis_B_surface_antigen_from_transgenic_tobacco_plants?enrichId=rgreq-9f9d9c1d7e1ac5013b459ed8c8d81938-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzEwNjM1NDUxO0FTOjk4OTYxOTIyNzIzODQ1QDE0MDA2MDU3NjkyNjc%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPdf [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Pujol, M. and Gavilondo, J. (2013). Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. express aglycosylated monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity. [online] www.researchgate.net. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263802548_Transgenic_plants_of_Nicotiana_tabacum_L_express_aglycosylated_monoclonal_antibody_with_antitumor_activity?enrichId=rgreq-e820e9544359d3a71edb5ce55845f43a-XXXenrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2MzgwMjU0ODtBUzoxMTczNzkwNTI4NzE2ODFAMTQwNDk5Njc1NTQwMg%3D%3Del=1_x_3_esc=publicationCoverPdf [Accessed 17 Mar. 2017]. Hayes C. 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